Similarly, the poison factory and the bill were punished to varying degrees: by burning and confiscating property, in the event of the death of the victim, by a fine of 100 soldiers, or by amputating a hand or opening an eye if the victim remained “insanis vel demens”; In these cases, the decision rested with two physicians, and if opinions dissented, a third was added. In Pisa, the name of the doctor to be sent for evaluation was extracted from all the merchants in the city, and he received a salary of 5 to 20 silver, in the city and 10 to 20 outside. In other cases, however, the physician does not appear to be an expert on wounds and rather [1] appears to have been the judge who observed how many wounds had been inflicted and where the blood came from. Eventually, the doctor was called to court to decide on the diagnosis of leprosy. These names were followed by other equally memorable scientists who still maintain the honor of Italian forensic medicine. The duties of the coroner may include supervising inquests and certifying deaths related to mass disasters occurring within his or her jurisdiction. A typical task of a coroner is to deal with the death records of those who have died in his jurisdiction. Not all U.S. jurisdictions use a coroner system for forensic screening of deaths — some have a medical examiner system, some have a mixed coroner-coroner system. In the United States, the terms “coroner” and “coroner” have very different meanings, as do the qualifications and duties of these positions. [33] Proponents described the coroner`s model as more accurate, given the stricter qualifications. [34] It is divided into forensic medicine, which deals with the development of law, the interpretation of rules and their applicability from a medical point of view, and forensic medicine, which uses medicine to identify individual cases of legal interest. Even then, it was the criminal legislation, even more than the civil legislation, which had to resort to the doctor`s opinion: it was therefore in fact cases of suspicious death and, above all, suspected poisoning.
If the victim was killed by injuries, the doctor was called to determine the mortality of the injuries caused by the injury. In some cases, the doctor was asked whether the accused could endure torture without taking a life-threatening risk, as the accused could be tortured but not killed before sentencing. Similarly, physicians could be brought to justice when it came to witchcraft or evil, an area in which the supernatural, however, always yielded to the assumption of natural causes. An important role in this period was played by the Scuola Pisana, which was characterized by a multidisciplinary composition with lawyers as protagonists: Prof. Francesco Donato Busnelli Full Professor of Civil Law and Prof. Giovanni Comandé Full Professor of Comparative Private Law, both of the Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari and Perfezionamento S. Anna of Pisa, Dr. Antonio Nannipieri Magistrate, forensic doctors: Prof.
Marino Bargagna Professor of Forensic Medicine at the University of Pisa, (author of an authoritative Scale), Dr. Giovanni Cannavò, forensic doctor, founder of the new Scientific Society Melchiorre Gioia (1992-Pisa). With regard to Italian works on various subjects of forensic medicine, we recall the studies of Bassiano Carminati (1750-1830) and Giuseppe Antonio Testa for deaths caused by noxious gases and asphyxiation, those of Marcello Marin and Eusebio Squario for apparent death or those for death by drowning of Francesco Serao. Who showed that this death does not depend on the material invasion of water into the stomach and lungs. It is also worth mentioning Matteo Basani, Paolo Valcarenghi, Vincenzo Bonomi of Ferrara, Protomedico, who dealt with ethics, Tommaso Matteo Celoni, novel, who dealt with forensic surgery. Among those who, although versed in other fields, have also dealt with this subject, we must remember: Antonio Cocchi, Andrea Pasta and, above all, Giacomo Bartolomeo Beccari (1682-1766), author of forensic “consultations”, known and appreciated in Italy and abroad. To be more precise, if there was no real specialization in forensic medicine in Roman medicine, there were many subjects in Roman law that required medical knowledge. In Italy, the transformation of the concept of biological damage, i.e. non-pecuniary damage, introduced by the judgment of the Genoa Court of 25 May 1974, which went beyond the criteria of the traditional case-law relating to the Civil Code of 1942, which essentially regarded personal injury as a loss of income (material loss), opens up new scenarios from a legal and medico-legal point of view. The oldest modern treatise on forensic medicine is considered by many scholars to be the work of Fortunato Fedele, a pupil of Ingrassia, De relationibus medicorum libri quatuor. In quibus ea omnia, quae in forensibus, ac publicis causis medici referre solent, plenissime traduntur, published at Palermo in 1602, but composed about 1595. In 1834, Gaetano Algeri-Fogliani, discoverer of the Ingrassia manuscript in the municipal library of Palermo, claimed that Fedele had plagiarized Ingrassia, who would therefore have received the title of father of modern forensic medicine.
The Russian scholar Markus, after careful examination of the two works, the unpublished Ingrassia and Fedele`s De relationibus medicorum, came to the conclusion that plagiarism should be excluded, because Fedele`s work, unlike the Ingrassia manuscript, was very different in scope, scientific rigor and comprehensiveness, which indeed revealed a direct knowledge of medicine. This could only be explained by a wealth of experience in forensic practice[3]. At the end of the twentieth century, the development of motor traffic and, consequently, of compulsory insurance affected millions of people and led to the development of a branch of forensic medicine aimed at assessing the damage caused to the person by traffic accidents: the LEGAL MEDICINE INSURANCE. A new aspect of this doctrine was that of insurance and accidents, especially thanks to Lorenzo Borri, who, on Filippi`s instructions, applied forensic medicine to all legal questions requiring the judgment of the doctor. In this way, the first foundations of forensic semeiography were laid and the foundations were laid for the concept of accident, which differs from that of occupational disease. If, chronologically, the legislation on social security and accidents in Italy is later than those in which she lived in other countries, it is not true for this reason that Italy has copied foreign laws. Forensic medicine has found its best development in Italy; Born thanks to the Italians, it had for the brilliant activity of the same, its additional increase until reaching its current state, with the multiple expressions of public, political, corporate medicine.